• Activated MAP kinases transform the stimulus into the pathop

  2024-12-07

  

  Activated MAP kinases transform the stimulus into the pathophysiological responses by phosphorylating downstream substrates, including transcription factors, cytoskeletal proteins involved in mRNA translation (Li et al., 2015). Among the numerous effectors that intervene in the TNF-α action is an a

• The levels of Mcl and

  2024-12-07

  

  The levels of Mcl-1 and FLIP are homeostatically controlled by transcriptional and posttranslational processes. Accumulating evidence suggested that intracellular signaling molecules such as Akt are crucial to the transcription of Mcl-1 and FLIP [30], [31]. The constitutive activation of Akt is dete

• br Materials and methods br

  2024-12-07

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Japanese encephalitis caused by JEV is characterized by h.a.l.t. neuron death. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We and other researchers have demonstrated that JEV induces apoptosis by ER stress-mediated IRE1/JNK and ROS-me

• The current antifungal pipeline contains several categories

  2024-12-07

  

  The current antifungal pipeline contains several categories of compounds at different stages of development [1], [9], [10], [96]. In Table 1 we summarize the most promising antifungal molecules that are in preclinical and in clinical development. Several compounds in the pipeline are derivatives of

• Sorafenib was the first small RTK inhibitor

  2024-12-07

  

  Sorafenib was the first small RTK inhibitor drug to be developed and was initially approved against renal cell carcinoma, then against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and more recently for differentiated thyroid treatment [111]. Sunitinib soon followed, being approved for gastrointestinal stromal tum

• The specific functions of ERs and AR underline

  2024-12-07

  

  The specific functions of ERs and AR underline their crucial roles during different phases of spermatogenesis. Their deregulation could affect numerous downstream targets, thereby, disrupting spermatogenesis and male fertility. Various studies have shown that estrogen-like chemicals in the environme

• Circular dichroism CD provides useful information about prot

  2024-12-07

  

  Circular dichroism (CD) provides useful information about protein structure, the extent and rate of structural changes and ligand binding. CD is a form of light GS-4997 spectroscopy that measures differences in the absorbance of right- and left-circularly polarized light (rather than the commonly u

• 1632 When arachidonic acid is used as a substrate

  2024-12-07

  

  When arachidonic 1632 is used as a substrate, the platelet-type 12S-lipoxygenase produces predominantly the 12S-hydroperoxy derivative. In contrast, the leukocyte-type 12S-lipoxygenases generate substantial amounts of the 15-lipoxygenase product in addition to the 12S-hydroperoxy derivative. The ra

• In a working group exposed

  2024-12-07

  

  In 2008, a working group exposed 12-month-old transgenic mice (mutation for human amyloid precursor protein expression) and their non-transgenic littermates to isoflurane and halothane for 120min per day for five days. It was concluded that in the transgenic mouse there was overload of amyloid prote

• br Conflict of interest statement

  2024-12-06

  

  Conflict of interest statement Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a highly complex process characterized by an increased number of epithelial and stromal genotyping mice in the transition zone. , , Autopsy studies by McNeal detail the evolution of histological changes within these 2 cellul

• SU11274 br Funding br Introduction l Dihydroxyphenylalanine

  2024-12-06

  

  Funding Introduction l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) is the gold-standard treatment for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, its chronic use induces severe motor complications that eventually limit its long-term efficacy (Bastide et al., 2015). The most disabling side

• br Results br Discussion Autophagy

  2024-12-06

  

  Results Discussion Autophagy is considered as an important process in physiological and pathological ovarian function. It is related mainly to follicular atresia and CL regression (for review see [20]). However, an involvement in luteal cell survival is also proposed [21], [22]. The present st

• br Innate immune mechanisms that confront viral infection br

  2024-12-06

  

  Innate immune mechanisms that confront viral infection Autophagy induction by virus sensing Antiviral xenophagy and virophagy The presence of viral particles within autophagosomal structures has been visualized in only rare instances. This is the case for HSV-1 when it is devoided of ICP34.

• The known crystal structures of class C GPCR VFTs do

  2024-12-06

  

  The known crystal structures of class C GPCR VFTs do not include attached TM domains, therefore current conformational data may not accurately reflect the dynamics of extracellular domains in full-length receptors. Nevertheless, compelling mechanisms of signal transduction can still be postulated. S

• Apelin APJ triggers a variety

  2024-12-06

  

  Apelin/APJ triggers a variety of cellular signaling pathways (Fig. 1). Recent studies from our laboratory showed that apelin-13 induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation by the upregulation of Cyclin D1 expression, which is involved in an ERK-dependent activation of Jagged-1/Notch3 si

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